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Credit-rating
| Глоссарий терминов коммунальных услуг |
A designation by a financial institution (such as standard and poor’s) regarding the credit-worthiness of a company or government organization issuing bonds.
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Кредитный рейтинг, русский
Определение финансовым институтом (например, таким как standard and poor’s) кредитоспособности компании или государства, выпускающих облигации.
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Designation, английский
- Обозначение; (¦пред) назначение; целеуказание
- Назначение; обозначение; целеуказание
- Пункт назначения (бурового судна, плавучей полу
- Обозначение
- N знак, обозначение, имя determinancy n определённость local ~ локальная определённость
- Обозначение; запись; литерал; наименование; маркировка
- Обозначение; наименование; маркировка
- Указание профессии и адреса (при фамилии) назначение на должность
- The contracting states or contracting parties for which protection of an invention is sought in an international application filed under the patent cooperation treaty (pct) or in an international design application filed under the hague agreement. the filing of a request in an international pct application constitutes the designation of all contracting states bound by the pct on the international filing date. in an international design application filed under the hague agreement, contracting parties for which protection is sought must be indicated in the official application form (form dm/1).
Institution, английский
- A place where people are cared for, e.g. a hospital or clinic, especially a psychiatric hospital or children’s home
- An establishment founded partly with a view to instruction; as the royal united service institution in london.
- The term can take on a number of meanings. it can be an organization which is in the business of holding assets (such as banks, insurance companies, and investment companies). it can also apply to traditions or procedures, as in those associated with a regulatory commission. also, see institutional factors.
- A structure, a mechanism of social order or cooperation, which governs the behaviour of a group of individuals within a human annex i glossary, acronyms, chemical symbols and prefi xes community. institutions are intended to be functionally relevant for an extended period, able to help transcend individual interests and help govern cooperative human behaviour. the term can be extended to also cover regulations, technology standards, certifi cation and the like.
Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Organization, английский
- Организация
- N организация lexical ~ лексическая организация orientational a ориентационный metaphor
- Европейская организация производства товарного бетона
- Организация ~ of safety обеспечение безопасности (на производстве); меры по технике безопасности ~ of work организация работ
- Has at least three meanings (1) the act of arranging components to form a pattern different from what would occur by chance, by some criterion or better than it was before (->coordination) e.g., conducting a political campaign; (2) a complex complementary conditionality in behavior or in the coexistence of physical or living components (ashby) as in an ecological system or in such social organizations as a family, a university or a government agency being constituted by its members through conventional rules of conduct, legally recognized and interacted with by observers or by other social organizations; (3) the relations, and processes of communication, including coordination and coorientation among the components or variables of a system that (a) determine the dynamics of interaction and transformations it may undergo in a physical space and (b) constitute (->constitution) its unity whether only for an observer (->allopoiesis) or also for itself (->autopoiesis). in this third and largely cybernetic meaning, the properties of the components that realize a system as a concrete physical entity do not enter the description of that system`s organization. it follows that machines, organisms and social forms of vastly different materiality and components may have the same organization. accordingly, a whole system 56 may be explained in terms of the properties of its components and its organization (->analysis). the use to which a particular system may be put or who created it in the first place is not a feature of its organization. a theory of design (including engineering), management and of (concrete) organizational behavior is concerned with (1). a theory of organizations concerns (2) and attempts to provide generalizations about how cells, or organisms interact or how and why people work together and form larger unities (->general systems theory). cybernetics is concerned and has in fact been considered coextensive with an organization theory which concerns (3) and attempts to provide theories of or a logic for how unities and whole systems can arise or be maintained through the forms of communication (and more complex kinds of interactions and interdependencies) among components without reference to their materiality. the theory of modelling is a direct outgrowth of this organization concept. like cybernetics generally, an organization theory is not disturbed by the possibility that some organizations may not be realized by man or by nature but it will be informed by the finding that they cannot exist (ashby).
- A work structure that divides the responsibility for economic resources and processes.
- The top level of a business hierarchy.
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Electric meter, английский
A device that measures the amount of electricity a customer uses. the primary types are energy meters (measures electricity use in kilowatt-hours), demand meters (also measures peak load), interval demand meters (records use in measured time periods), and time-of-use meters (allows different charges for electricity used during different time periods).
Ratchet effect, английский
A description of the human response to changes in welfare; i.e., a positive response to improvement and a negative one to diminishment. once a particular level of satisfaction is achieved, this establishes a new psychological “floor” to downward pressures. the effect is illustrated when incomes drop but consumers are unwilling to change their consumption patterns because they are accustomed to particular lifestyle or standard of living. in the long run, consumers may be forced to adapt to the new circumstances.
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