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Discounting
| Глоссарий по вычислительной технике |
- Дисконтирование
- Discounting is a method for combining or de-emphasizing belief and probability functions, either by weighted averages of a set of functions or combining a single function with a vague or vacuous function. as an example of the latter, a belief function could be averaged with a belief function that assigns all of its mass to the entire frame of discernment. it can also be used to combine multiple experts belief functions that conflict with each other, unlike dempster`s rule of combination, which discards the probability mass assigned to conflicting subsets of the frame. see also: dempster`s rule of combination, frame of discernment.
- Calculating the present value of a future amount. discounting is opposite to compounding.
- A mathematical operation making monetary (or other) amounts received or expended at different points in time (years) comparable across time (see annex ii). the operator uses a fi xed or possibly time-varying discount rate (>) from year to year that makes future value worth less today. a descriptive discounting approach accepts the discount rates that people (savers and investors) actually apply in their day-to-day decisions (private discount rate). in a prescriptive (ethical or normative) discounting approach, the discount rate is fi xed from a social perspective, for example, based on an ethical judgement about the interests of future generations (social discount rate). in this report, potentials of renewable energy supplies are assessed using discount rates of , and %. dispatch (power dispatching / dispatchable): electrical power systems that consist of many power supply units and grids are governed by system operators. they allow generators to supply power to the system for balancing demand and supply in a reliable and economical way. generation units are fully dispatchable when they can be loaded from zero to their nameplate capacity without signifi cant delay. not fully dispatchable are variable renewable sources that depend on natural currents, but also large-scale thermal plants with shallow ramping rates in changing their output. see also balancing, capacity, grid. district heating (dh): hot water (steam in old systems) is distributed from central stations to buildings and industries in a densely occupied area (a district, a city or an industrialized area). the insulated two-pipe network functions like a water-based central heating system in a building. the central heat sources can be waste heat recovery from industrial processes, waste incineration plants, geothermal sources, cogeneration power plants or stand-alone boilers burning fossil fuels or biomass. more and more dh systems also provide cooling via cold water or slurries (district heating and cooling - dhc).
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Дисконтирование, русский
- Метод, применяемый при оценке и отборе инвестиционных программ. суть его заключается в приведении разновременных инвестиций и денежных поступлений фирмы к определенному периоду времени и определению коэффициента окупаемости капиталовложения - "внутре
- , приведение экономических показателей разных лет к сопоставимому во времени виду (с помощью коэффициента дисконтирования, основанного на формуле сложных процентов ссудных).
- Учет векселей.
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Combination, английский
- Комбинация, сочетание
- Комбинация, сочетание сомсм communications counter- measures меры противодействия радиосвязи противника 163
- Сочетание; комбинация (сочетание взаимосвязанных признаков изобретения).
- Сочетание; комбинация (сочетание взаимосвязанных признаков изобретения)
- Отношение
- N сочетание word ~ словосочетание
- Комбинация; соединение; сочетание; объединение; набор; система
- Сочетание; соединение; комбинация; смешение; состав ~ of errors сумма ошибок load ~ сочетание нафузок
- Series of two or more fences within 39 feet 4 inches of each other that must be taken as a pair, an in-and-out.
- Applies to derivative products. arrangement of options involving two long or two short positions with different expiration dates or strike (exercise) prices. see: straddle.
- Мотоцикл с прицепной коляской
- Vehicle consisting or two or more separable units, of which each part need not be independently mobile, for example a motorcycle and side
Conflicting, английский
Конфликтующий
Calculating, английский
Расчёт; подсчёт, вычисление; исчисление о ~ earthworks by
Compounding, английский
- The combining of five basic ingredients: rubber, carbon black, plasticizers, curing materials, and ozone retardants to form the tread and other "rubber" components of a tire.
- The addition of fatty oils and similar materials to lubricants to impart special properties. lubricating oils to which such materials have been added are known as compounded oils.
- The process of accumulating the time value of money forward in time. for example, interest earned in one period earns additional interest during each subsequent time period.
- See blending.
Mathematical, английский
- Analyzer, numerical integrator and computer эвм «маньяк»
- Математический
Comparable, английский
Сравнимый; аналогичный
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Discounted, английский
Дисконтированный discounted-cash flow движение дисконтированной наличности
Disk file, английский
Дисковый файл; файл на диске
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