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Slave trade
| Морской словарь |
Holding human beings as property has been a worldwide phenomenon for as long as humankind has been “civilized.” for centuries, african kings, chiefs, and warlords captured members of rival tribes and sold them into slavery—northward across the sahara desert, southward through the red sea, and eastward over the indian ocean. then, in the fifteenth century, a westward route opened up to provide cheap labor for portuguese plantations in the atlantic islands (especially madeira which became the largest sugar producer in the western world). after they colonized brazil (1500) the portuguese increased their purchases of african slaves, operating essentially as a state monopoly. by contrast, the spanish introduced the “asiento” system which retained government control of the trade, but gave individual merchants exclusive licenses to import slaves into the south american colonies. late in 1562, english captain john hawkins bought 300 slaves in west africa and carried them to the west indies where he traded them for hides, ginger, sugar, and pearls, making a profit of 12 percent on his investment. other european countries were building slavedependent colonial empires in north america and the caribbean and soon denmark, france, the netherlands, and sweden joined portugal and spain as britain’s competitors for the inhumane but profitable trade. their burgeoning requirements changed trans– atlantic slave traffic from government monopolies to private enterprise and turned the trade from a steady flow into a virtual torrent, beginning the worst and longest-lasting maritime crime against humanity (see middle passage and triangular trade). finally, after almost two-and-a-half centuries, the british realized (in the words of prime minister william grenville) that the trade was “contrary to the principles of justice, humanity and sound policy” and parliament passed a bill to abolish the purchase and sale of slaves (but not the institution of slavery itself ). a special squadron of the royal navy was charged with enforcing the act, under which british vessels caught transporting slaves were fined ?100 per head— amounting to as much as ?70,000 for a full load— this was such a substantial amount in the early 19th century that most slaver captains ordered their krumen to throw the iron-fettered slaves overboard as soon as a naval vessel hove into view (without evidence, there was no fine). finally, in 1833 britain outlawed slavery throughout its empire, but it was decades before other european nations followed suit. the united states abolished the slave trade in march 1807, but illegal importation continued overland, while ships continued to smuggle slaves into the south. in 1820, congress passed a law making participation in the trade an act of piracy, punishable by death, but it was not strongly enforced. the british then asked for american cooperation in search and seizure, but congress opposed this, not out of desire to continue the trade, but to preserve the principle of freedom of the seas. this u.s. refusal to enforce its own laws or cooperate with other nations allowed the slave trade to continue, and it was not until ratification of the thirteenth amendment on december 18, 1865, that it finally ended. the last atlantic country to ban the trade was brazil in 1888. however, the practice continues to the present day; see human trafficking.
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Slave, английский
- [1] a machine under the direct control of another machine. [2] in hyperbolic radio-navigation, a station whose transmissions are controlled by a master station. [3] a person in enforced bondage.
- When syncing two devices together, the controlling device becomes the master and the other device becomes the slave. the slave only responds to commands from the master; it does not also control the master. when syncing a sequencer to tape, the tape deck usually acts as the master and the sequencer becomes the slave.
Slave a gyro to the meridian, английский
Slave arm, английский
Ведомая рука; ведомый манипулятор
Slave ckock, английский
Slave code, английский
A law passed to regulate the treatment of slaves.
Slave cylinder, английский
Cylinder and piston which, under hydraulic or pneumatic pressure from a master cylinder, actuates mechanical components as for example a brake or clutch slave cylinder.
Slave indicator, английский
Вспомогательный индикатор
Slave joint, английский
Сустав копирующей части манипулятора
Slave laser, английский
A laser which is injection-locked to another laser
Slave monitor, английский
Slave pallet, английский
Slave piston, английский
Slave river, русский
Slave station, английский
Slave supervisory control equipment, английский
Аппаратура прямого
Slave unit, английский
Slave unit (electronic flash), английский
A unit that, like a perfect assistant, responds in a flash to the master.
Slave-bangle, английский
Браслет, надеваемый выше локтя
Slave-relay, английский
Slaved gyro, английский
Гироскоп с (магнитной) коррекцией
Phenomenon, английский
- 1. a fact or situation which can be observed 2. someone or something that is considered to be extraordinary and marvellous
- A condition with various possible causes in which the blood supply to the fingers and toes is restricted and they become cold, white and numb. also called dead man’s fingers, vasospasm [described 1862. after maurice raynaud (1834–81), french physician.] rbc rbc abbr red blood cell rcgp rcgp abbr royal college of general practitioners rcn rcn abbr royal college of nursing rcog rcog abbr royal college of obstetricians and gynaecologists rcp rcp abbr royal college of physicians
- In diabetes mellitus, a swing to a high level of glucose in the blood from an extremely low level, usually occurring after an untreated insulin reaction during the night. it is caused by the release of stress hormones to counter low glucose levels.
- Явление; эффект
Portuguese, английский
A gold coin, value ?1, 16_s., called also moiadobras.
Especially, английский
Essentially, английский
- По существу; главным образом см. substantially
- No существу; главным образом
Government, английский
- N управление ~ and binding (theory) управление и связыва- ние (концепция )
- Generally means the constitution of our country as exercised under the legislature of king or queen, lords, and commons.
- The acts, rules, procedures, instruments of power and institutions by which the citizens of a country (or more generally the parts of a system) communicate with (->communication) and exert control upon each other so that the country as a whole maintains its unity and is directed toward ends chosen from within that country (->self-organization, ->autonomy). its opposite is laissez faire. in the reality of politics, government is rarely uniformly distributed and constituted (->constitution) instead in a ruling elite, exercising institutional control over those governed. this unequal distribution of government is particularly prevalent in technical realisations. e.g., the governor of a steam engine, computer control of a production process. in biology, such control hierachies (->hierarchy) rarely exist which suggest that they may be an outgrowth of rational constuctions not a fact of nature. qeafh
- An app category that facilitates engagement with government or politics.
Individual, английский
Физическое лицо
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Sleeping on watch, английский
Considering that this serious offense could endanger the ship and the lives of all on board, the penalties specified in the 17th century admiralty black book were surprisingly lenient, giving a malefactor three chances, before facing potentially lethal punishment. a first offender was merely humiliated by having a bucket of seawater poured over his head, and a second incident only resulted in his hands being tied over his head while a bucketful of water was poured down each sleeve. after a third offense, the penalty was a bit more severe, the culprit being tied to the mast with heavy weights attached to his arms and left there for as long as the captain deemed appropriate. however, a fourth offense brought what was essentially a death sentence. the perpetrator was placed in a covered basket, given a loaf of bread, a flask of ale, and a sharp knife, and slung below the bowsprit. an armed marine was posted to ensure he could not clamber back on board, leaving him with three alternatives—he could starve to death, slice his veins with the knife, or cut the basket loose to drown in the sea.
Slatting, английский
The flapping of sails when a vessel is almost becalmed.
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