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Belief function
| Глоссарий по искусственному интеллекту |
In the dempster-shafer theory, the probability certainly assigned to a set of propositions is referred to as the belief for that set. it is a lower probability for the set. the upper probability for the set is the probability assigned to sets containing the elements of the set of interest and is the complement of the belief function for the complement of the set of interest (i.e., pu(a)=1 -bel(not a).) the belief function is that function which returns the lower probability of a set. belief functions that can be compared by considering that the probabilities assigned to some repeatable event are a statement about the average frequency of that event. a belief function and upper probability only specify upper and lower bounds on the average frequency of that event. the probability addresses the uncertainty of the event, but is precise about the averages, while the belief function includes both uncertainty and imprecision about the average. see also: dempster-shafer theory, quasi-bayesian theory.
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Belief, английский
- Creencia
- A freely available program for the manipulation of graphical belief functions and graphical probability models. as such, it supports both belief and probabilistic manipulation of models. it also allows second-order models (hyper-distribution or meta-distribution). a commercial version is in development under the name of graphical-belief. see also: belief function, graphical model.
Belief about beliefs, английский
Представление о представлениях; убеждения относительно убеждений belief-invoked interpretation рассуждение на основе принятых убеждений; интерпретация от фактов; вывод снизу вверх
Belief chain, английский
A belief net whose directed acyclic graph (dag) can be ordered as in a list, so that each node has one predecessor, except for the first which has no predecessor, and one successor, except for the last which has no successor (see figure b.1.). figure b.1 —
Belief change flexibility, английский
The ability to try out new beliefs for a short time to test their usefulness.
Belief core, английский
The core of a set in the dempster-shafer theory is that probability is directly assigned to a set but not to any of its subsets. the core of a belief function is the union of all the sets in the frame of discernment which have a non-zero core (also known as the focal elements). suppose our belief that one of fred, tom, or paul was responsible for an event is 0.75, while the individual beliefs were b(fred)=.10, b(tom)=.25, and b(paul)=.30. then the uncommitted belief would be 0.75- (0.1+0.25+0.30) = .10. this would be the core of the set {fred, tom, paul}. see also: belief function, communality number.
Belief net, английский
Used in probabilistic expert systems to represent relationships among variables, a belief net is a directed acyclic graph (dag) with variables as nodes, along with conditionals for each arc entering a node. the attribute(s) at the node are the head of the conditionals, and the attributes with arcs entering the node are the tails. these graphs are also referred to as bayesian networks (bn) or graphical models. see also: bayesian network, graphical model.
Belief revision, английский
Belief revision is the process of modifying an existing knowledge base to account for new information. when the new information is consistent with the old information, the process is usually straightforward. when it contradicts existing information, the belief (knowledge) structure has to be revised to eliminate contradictions. some methods include expansion which adds new ``rules" to the database, contraction which eliminates contradictions by removing rules from the database, and revision which maintains existing rules by changing them to adapt to the new information. see also: nonmonotone logic.
Belief system, английский
Sistema de creencias
Belief vector, английский
Доверительный вектор
Belief, faith; doctrine, английский
Beliefs, английский
- N pl псхл. убеждения benefactive и beneficiary
- Statements we think are true but cannot (or have not bothered to) check. see ‘logical levels’.
- Robert dilts defined beliefs as: closely held generalisations about (1) cause, (2) meaning, (3) boundaries in a) the world around us b) our behaviour c) our capabilities, and d) our identities.
Functio, английский
Functio [onis, f], латинский
Function, английский
- Функция
- The particular work done by an organ what is the function of the pancreas? the function of an ovary is to form ova. verb to work in a particular way the heart and lungs were functioning normally. his kidneys suddenly stopped functioning. ‘…insulin’s primary metabolic function is to transport glucose into muscle and fat cells, so that it can be used for energy’ [nursing ’87] ‘…the aids virus attacks a person’s immune system and damages the ability to fight other disease. without a functioning immune system to ward off other germs, the patient becomes vulnerable to becoming infected’ [journal of american medical association]
- N функция article, language aspect ~ аспектная функция communicative ~ коммуникативная функция conative ~ конативная функция contextual ~ контекстная функция emotive ~ эмотивная функция individual generalizing ~ индивидуально- генерализующая функция individualizing ~ индивидуализирующая функция informative ~ информативная функция interpersonal ~ интерперсональная функция metalingual ~ металингвистическая функция phatic ~ фатическая функция poetic ~ поэтическая функция qualifying ~ квалификативная функция sign ~ знаковая функция strictural ~ функция сужения totalizing ~ стягивающая функция
- Функция airy`s stress ~ функция напряжений эри
- A function is a relationship that takes zero or more attributes and returns a single item that may be compound. in class and frame based systems, a function that takes a single term and returns a single term is sometimes called a slot. a multivariate function is a function that returns a compound object, such as a list or an array, which may be regarded as the specification of a single multi-dimensional item. see also: anonymous, class, function, slot.
- In mathematics, a relation between two or more 32 variables so that the values of one are dependent on, determined by or correspond to values in the other variables, its arguments; a transformation whose range is uniquely specified by its domain. in algebra and set theory, functions are often called many-to-one mappings or images. in processes of communication, functions are found in equivocating (->equivocation) codes. there is no presumption that a function must take numbers as arguments, nor that the correspondence be lawful. it can result from entirely arbitrary conventions (->symbol). the structural-functional school of sociology sees the parts of a social system to behave in such a way that they satisfy human and social needs and maintain one another and the totality. in this theory, regularly occuring acts that serve this purpose are called functions whereas those opposed to this are called dysfunctions. ~ theory
- A component which can be included in a synchronization rule or a workflow definition to process data values.
- A data service operation that is bound to a uri that does not have a sideeffect on data exposed by the data service.
- A piece of code that operates as a single logical unit. a function is called by name, accepts optional input parameters, and returns a status and optional output parameters. many programming languages support functions.
- A prewritten formula that simplifies the process of entering calculations and enables the user to use formulas that might be difficult to build from scratch.
- A standalone segment of code with a clear set of inputs and output that performs a speci c function and returns a value. it is essentially a procedure that returns a value. giga- - a pre x for a billion, (109) as in a gigabyte or gigahertz or gigabananas (billion bananas).
- A) the social purpose for which language is produced.
Function activity, английский
A workflow activity for simple data manipulations as a result of a request, e.g. concatenating the first name and last name of a user to produce the display name.
Function analysis system technique, английский
Системный метод функционального анализа
Function argument, английский
Аргумент функции
Function box, английский
Функциональный блок
Function button, английский
Функциональная клавиша; функциональная кнопка
Function call, английский
- Вызов функции; обращение к функции
- A program’s request for the services of a particular function.
Probability, английский
- Probability can be generally defined as a measure of how likely some event will occur. the event could be an explosion, a lottery win or perhaps cancer induction. mathematically speaking, the value of probability varies between 0 and 1 where 0 means an ev
- Вероятность. возможность.
- The probability of an event is a number between zero and 100%. the meaning (interpretation) of probability is the subject of theories of probability, which differ in their interpretations. however, any rule for assigning probabilities to events has to satisfy the axioms of probability.
- Вероятность
- Вероятность probability sample, syn. random sample
- Вероятность. мера случайности появления конкретного события. например, вероятность случайного выбора из популяции человека с конкретным качеством соответствует доле людей в популяции, обладающих этим качеством.
- Вероятность; возможность
- Вероятность; обеспеченность (гидрологической величины) ~ of no-failure вероятность безотказной работы
- Probability is a method for representing uncertainty about propositions or events. it represents the uncertainty about a proposition on a scale from 0 to 1, with a 0 representing complete certainty that the proposition is false or an event will not occur and a value of one will represent the opposite. formally, a probability measure is one that follows kolmogorov`s axioms. there are two main schools of thought on the meaning of probability. frequentists take a narrow interpretation of probability allowing only hypothetically repeatable events or experiments as being quantifiable by probability, while bayesians take a broader interpretation that allows reasoning about "one-shot" events and propositions based on the current knowledge about nature. the bayesian interpretation is most commonly used in artificial intelligence, while the frequentist interpretation is most commonly taught in statistics courses. the label "bayesian" arises from the central role that the bayes theorem plays in this use of probability. it allows one to reason from effects to causes and encourages the use of probability measures to describe supposedly fixed events or propositions which frequentists disallow. the probability for these events reflects one`s state of knowledge about the event, rather than being an assertion that the unknown event can vary. for example, a bayesian would have no qualms about making statements about the probability that a given die, rolled and hidden from his sight is, for example, a six. a frequentist would be unable to make such a statement, preferring to talk about his confidence in the method when applied to a hypothetically large number of repeated experiments. in the end, they would act in similar ways. when the long run data are available, bayesians and frequentists end up with the same estimates. see also: bayes theorem, kolmogorov`s axioms.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления неко-его события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относитель-ная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результа-тов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The likelihood of something happening. for example, sale being made.
- Вероятность. математическое измерение возможности появления некоего события, выраженное в виде дроби или процента [30]. значения статистической вероятности лежат в пределах от 1 или 100 процентов (всегда) до 0 или 0 процентов (никогда) [20]. наибольшее приближение к истинной вероятности дает относительная частота события, полученная на основе большой серии измерений или результатов [33]. вероятность может быть также определена как выражение в некоторой неопределимой форме "степени уверенности" или как предельная частота события в бесконечной случайной последовательности [49].
- The relative likelihood of a particular outcome among all possible outcomes.
- Likelihood that an event may occur, expressed as a number between 0 and 1.
Containing, английский
Complement, английский
- The complement of a subset of a given set is the collection of all elements of the set that are not elements of the subset.
- Дополнение
- Штат личного состава; комплект; состав; дополнение
- The number of persons in a ship`s crew, including officers.
- The number of officers and crew employed upon a vessel for its safe navigation and operation.
- / k?mpl?m?nt/ a substance which forms part of blood plasma and is essential to the work of antibodies and antigens verb / k?mpl?ment/ to complete something by providing useful or pleasing qualities which it does not itself have
- N дополнение; ком- племент1 phrase direct ~ прямое дополнение verbal ~ глагольное дополнение verb(al) phrase ~ дополнение глагольной со- ставляющей
- The proper number of men employed in any ship, either for navigation or battle. in navigation the complement of the course is what it wants of eight points; of latitude, what it is short of 90°. ( see co-latitude.)
- [1] the number of officers and crew required for safe operation and navigation of a merchantman. [2] the number of officers and ratings/enlisted required and authorized to form a warship’s company at full operational readiness.
- Дополнение; дополнительный код
- The color positioned directly across the color wheel from any color. each hue on the wheel has only one complement, which is also called its direct complement.
Considering, английский
Uncertainty, английский
- Неизвестность. неопределенность.
- Неопределенность. недостоверность. сомнительность. ненадежность.
- Неопредел
- Неопределенность. параметр, связанный с результатом измерения, характеризующий дисперсию значений, которые могут быть обоснованно отнесены к аналиту. таким параметром может быть, например, среднеквадратическое откло-нение (или кратное ему) или ширина доверительного интервала. также: оценка, относящаяся к результату проверки, которая характеризует область значений, внутри которой лежит истинное значение.
- The (average) number of binary decisions a decision maker has to make in order to select one out of a set of mutually exclusive alternatives, a measure of an observer`s ignorance or lack of information (->bit). since the categories within which events are observed are always specified by an observer, the notion of uncertainty emphasises the cognitive dimension of information processes, specifically in the form of measures of variety, statistical entropy including noise and equivocation. 78
- Неопределенность. параметр, связанный с результатом измерения, характеризующий дисперсию значений, которые могут быть обоснованно отнесены к аналиту. таким параметром может быть, например, среднеквадратическое отклонение (или кратное ему) или ширина доверительного интервала. также: оценка, относящаяся к результату проверки, которая характеризует область значений, внутри которой лежит истинное значение.
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Indiscernible, английский
In rough sets, two objects are indiscernible with respect to a set of attributes a if they have the same values for each attribute in a. a grouping of all the objects in the "universe" that are indiscernible with respect to some a is the equivalence class of a. for example, if the universe consists of the set of integers in the range of (0,100), and a single attribute for an integer is defined to be mod(i,3), the integers 1 and 4 are indiscernible with respect to mod(i,3) as they both have the same value, 1. this attribute takes on four values (0,1,2,3), thus yielding four equivalence classes.
Lisp machines, английский
In the late 1970s and 1980s, dramatic gains in lisp processing speed were obtained by developing computers that were specialized for the lisp language. eventually, general purpose computers became fast and cheap enough to take over the market for these specialized machines.
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