В глоссарии приведены термины, часто используемые в научной и технической литературе по геотермальной энергетике и технологии использования тепла «сухих горных пород» — петротермальной энергетике. Геотермальная энергетика является одной из наиболее перспективных направлений развития альтернативного энергообеспечения.
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| open-loop [geothermal circuit] | A circuit containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in the hydrothermal reservoir during direct contact with rock pores and fractures. |
| advanced geothermal system (ags) | A colloquial term applied to some deep, closed-loop geothermal circuits and some types of next generation geothermal concepts. |
| closed-loop [geothermal circuit] | A circuit containing subsurface working fluid that is heated in the reservoir without direct contact with rock pores and fractures. instead, the subsurface working fluid stays inside a closed loop... |
| enhanced geothermal system (egs) | A synonym for engineered geothermal system (e.g., doe, 2016) and next generation geothermal projects that is entrenched within geothermal literature. |
| technology readiness level (trl) | The trl scale is a widely used tool for a maturity assessment, with specific levels corresponding to different levels of development of a new technology. |
| closed-loop plant [heat or power] | A geothermal plant that prevents naturally occurring gas to exit subsurface working fluid and be released into the atmosphere (carb, 2016). this is also known as binary system, taking advantage of... |
| engineered geothermal system (egs) | A geothermal system that engineers have artificially created or improved. |
| fracking (sometimes spelled fracing) | A colloquial term for hydraulic fracturing. fracking is used to create engineered geothermal systems. |
| next generation geothermal [projects] | An umbrella term for a variety of hydrothermal and engineered geothermal projects that are in the research or testing phases of development, including superhot rock geothermal. |
| fracture-hosted geothermal [reservoir] | The reservoir type in hydrothermal and engineered geothermal systems where heat transfer occurs in fracture networks within sedimentary rock or crystalline rock. |
| crystalline rock geothermal [reservoir] | The reservoir type in hydrothermal and engineered geothermal systems with the subsurface heat exchanger within crystalline rocks. it can be in a low-, medium-, high-, or super-high-enthalpy geothe... |
| base load [power] (also stated as baseload) | (a) the minimum power required during the daily cycle of power demand, i.e., when most of the population is asleep, and (b) the amount of power made available by an electric energy producer (e.g.,... |
| conventional geothermal energy [generation] | Delivery of thermal energy from shallow or deep hydrothermal reservoirs to earth’s surface without an introduced working fluid. |
| unconventional geothermal energy generation | Delivery of thermal energy from shallow or deep low-permeability geothermal reservoirs to earth’s surface due to introduced working fluid (in open-loop or closed-loop circuits) and/or engineering ... |
| dispatchable [energy or generation of power] | A source of energy/power that can be controlled in a short amount of time, i.e., turned on, turned off or adjusted to market needs. |
| levelized cost of electricity or energy (lcoe) | A reporting standard to assess and compare the cost of electricity between energy sources (modified after lazard, 2019; eia, 2020). |
| hybrid geothermal systems or multi-system hybrids | Systems that couple (a) two geothermal system types, such as engineered geothermal systems and advanced geothermal systems, or conventional hydrothermal systems, or (b) two different energy system... |
| chomerics alumina (alo) | A relatively inexpensive ceramic in powder or sintered sheet form. its thermal conductivity of w/m-k and excellent dielectric properties make it useful in low to moderate power commercial applicat... |
| apparent thermal conductivity | This value differs from bulk thermal conductivity as apparent thermal conductivity also includes contact resistance when measured, as described in the heat transfer fundamentals section of this gu... |
| bondline thickness | Average thickness between heat spreading device and components. boron nitride (bn) |
| creep distance | The distance that an insulator has to extend beyond the edge of a semiconductor package to prevent arcing. cure-in-place |
| degreaser or degreasing solvent | The solvent used to clean flux and other organic residues off printed circuit boards after they are manufactured. interface materials must be able to tolerate exposure to degreasing solvents witho... |
| hard tooling | A die cutting tool manufactured from a machined metal block. the cost is high, therefore it is normally used when long runs are anticipated. |
| mblt | Minimum bond line thickness. when two opposing substrates obtain closest possible distance under pressure. micro-inch |
| polyimide | An organic polymer with exceptional electrical insulation and high temperature capabilities. in film form, it is used on everything from printed circuit boards to space suits. |
| steel mill die | A die cutting tool of moderate cost, cast from steel. it is used for high speed cutting. |
| steel rule die | A low cost die cutting tool manufactured by shaping sharpened steel foil to the desired shape and fixing in a plywood and steel rule metal. it is used for short runs. |
| the different forms of matter | Gas-liquid, liquid-liquid, gas-solid, liquid-solid, and solid-solid. |
| three scales | Shore , a and d. shore is used for soft rubbers like gels, shore a is used for hard rubbers and shore d for inelastic plastics. heat (q) |
| viscoelastic material | A material whose response to a deforming load combines both viscous (does not recover its original shape/ size when load removed) and elastic (will recover size/shape when load removed) qualities.... |
| mw‐hour | 1,000 kilowatt‐hours or 1 million watt‐hours. |
| mw (mw) | 1,000 kilowatts, or 1 million watts; standard measure of electric power plant |
| kilowatt‐hour (kwh) | 1,000 thousand watts acting over a period of 1 hour. the kwh is a |
| deep‐cycle battery | A battery with large plates that can withstand many discharges to a low |
| shallow‐cycle battery | A battery with small plates that cannot withstand many discharges |
| multi‐stage controller | A charging controller unit that allows different charging currents as |
| split‐spectrum cell | A compound photovoltaic device in which sunlight is first divided into |
| have distinct temperature corrections | A factor used to decrease battery capacity at cold |
| lead‐acid battery | A general category that includes batteries with plates made of pure lead, |
| i‐v curve | A graphical presentation of the current versus the voltage from a photovoltaic |
| point‐contact cell | A high efficiency silicon photovoltaic concentrator cell that employs |
| ampere‐hour (ah/ah) | A measure of the flow of current (in amperes) over one hour; used |
| edge‐defined film‐fed growth (efg) | A method for making sheets of polycrystalline |
| flat‐plate array | A photovoltaic (pv) array that consists of non‐concentrating pv modules. |
| two‐axis tracking | A photovoltaic array tracking system capable of rotating independently |
| thin‐film photovoltaic module | A photovoltaic module constructed with sequential layers |
| photovoltaic‐thermal (pv/t) system | A photovoltaic system that, in addition to |
| flat‐plate photovoltaic (pv) | A pv array or module that consists of nonconcentrating |
| maintenance‐free battery | A sealed battery to which water cannot be added to maintain |
| p‐type semiconductor | A semiconductor in which holes carry the current; produced by |
| p‐i‐n | A semiconductor photovoltaic (pv) device structure that layers an intrinsic |
| grid‐connected system | A solar electric or photovoltaic (pv) system in which the pv |
| one‐axis tracking | A system capable of rotating about one axis. |
| bipv (building‐integrated photovoltaic) | A term for the design and integration of |
| pulse‐width‐modulated (pwm) wave inverter | A type of power inverter that produces a |
| flat‐plate module | An arrangement of photovoltaic cells or material mounted on a rigid flat |
| stand‐alone system | An autonomous or hybrid photovoltaic system not connected to a grid. |
| line‐commutated inverter | An inverter that is tied to a power grid or line. the |
| light‐induced defects | Defects, such as dangling bonds, induced in an amorphous silicon |
| dc‐to‐dc converter | Electronic circuit to convert direct current voltages (e.g., |
| float‐zone process | In reference to solar photovoltaic cell manufacture, a method of |
| solar‐grade silicon | Intermediate‐grade silicon used in the manufacture of solar cells. less |
| gel‐type battery | Lead‐acid battery in which the electrolyte is composed of a silica gel |
| grid‐interactive system | Same as grid‐connected system. |
| i‐type semiconductor | Semiconductor material that is left intrinsic, or undoped, so that the |
| thick‐crystalline materials | Semiconductor material, typically measuring from 200‐400 |
| life‐cycle cost | The estimated cost of owning and operating a photovoltaic system for the |
| aerosols | A collection of airborne solid or liquid particles, typically between . and ?m in size and residing in the atmosphere for at least several hours. aerosols may be of natural or anthropogenic origin... |
| annex b countries | This is the subset of annex i countries that have specifi ed greenhouse gas reduction commitments under the kyoto protocol. the group is largely similar to the annex i countries to the unfccc. by ... |
| annex i countries | The group of countries included in annex i (as amended since malta was added after that date) to the unfccc, including developed countries and some countries with economies in transition. under ar... |
| bioenergy | Energy derived from any form of biomass. |
| biofuel | Any liquid, gaseous or solid fuel produced from biomass, for example, soybean oil, alcohol from fermented sugar, black liquor from the paper manufacturing process, wood as fuel, etc. traditional b... |
| black carbon | Operationally defi ned aerosol species based on measurement of light absorption and chemical reactivity and/or thermal stability; consists of soot, charcoal and/or light-absorbing refractory organ... |
| composite index of three indicators | ) health measured by life expectancy at birth; ) knowledge as measured by a combination of the adult literacy rate and the combined primary, secondary and tertiary school enrolment ratio; and ) st... |
| drivers | In a policy context, drivers provide an impetus and direction for initiating and supporting policy actions. the deployment of renewable energy is, for example, driven by concerns about climate cha... |
| emissions | Dir ect emissions are released and attributed at points in a specifi c renewable energy chain, whether a sector, a technology or an activity. for example, methane emissions from decomposing submer... |
