Глоссарий терминов для переводчиков текстов по обслуживанию городов, поселков, санитарно-технических предприятий, жилищно-коммунального хозяйства, городского транспорта, энергетических предприятий и сооружений внешнего благоустройства.
| third-party notification | A program that notifies a friend or relative of a subscriber whose telephone bill is overdue. уведомление третьего лица; |
| minimum charge | A provision in a rate schedule maintaining charges for service at a certain specified level regardless of use; i.e., it ensures that customers’ bills do not fall below a certain amount, even if li... минимальный тариф; |
| pay phone | A public telephone requiring payment either by coins, phone cards, or charges to another telephone account. |
| giffen good | A rare type of consumer good in that an increase in income actually decreases demand. a giffen good is an extreme form of inferior good. it arises because the income effect is opposite to and outw... товар гиффена; |
| backward integration | A reference to a firm’s acquisition of business interests operating at a production level preceding its own; e.g., an electricity distribution company that buys an electricity generator. обратная интеграция; |
| regulatory accountability | A regulatory agency follows procedures that are periodically reviewed by another government organization, such as a legislative committee, a ministerial task force, or a government accounting offi... |
| deep discounting | A sales practice that offers a significant reduction in price following purchase of an initial volume of output. |
| quasi-rent | A short-term economic benefit to producers associated with a temporary inelasticity of supply. |
| conflicts of interest | A situation in which a public or private official`s decisions are influenced by the official`s personal interests. examples include self-dealing, accepting (secret) side-payments for making a deci... конфликт интересов; |
| elastic demand | - A situation where a one percent price change leads to a greater than one percent change in the quantity of a service or product demanded. elasticity is a measure of responsiveness.
- ...
эластичный спрос; |
| inelastic demand | - A situation where a one percent price change leads to a less than one percent change in quantity of service or product demanded. relatively large percentage changes in price cause relatively s...
неэластичный спрос; |
| allocative efficiency | - A situation where production is at least cost (production efficiency) and price equals marginal cost. as a consequence, marginal benefits to consumers who purchase the product are equal to the...
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| formal complaint process | A special procedure to resolve remaining differences after an informal complaint procedure has not yielded results satisfactory to the customer. |
| dominant strategy | - A strategy that is best (optimal) no matter what an opponent does.
- Господствующая стратегия
доминирующая стратегия; |
| regulatedthird-partyaccess | A system giving eligible customers a right of access to transmission and distribution systems on the basis of published tariffs. регулируемый доступ третьих лиц; |
| retail competition | A system that permits customers to buy energy or telecommunications services from more than one retail provider. see reseller, as applied to final consumers rather than intermediate consumers. |
| dominant carrier | A telecom company with sufficient market share to play a major role in determining rates. |
| directory assistance | A telephone company service that finds numbers for callers; also called “information”. справка о телефонных номерах; |
| public interest | - A term that is difficult to define with precision, but it generally is intended to refer to the common good. see public interest goals for examples.
- Интересы общества
общественный интерес; |
| prudency | A test used by regulators to evaluate the justification for particular corporate activities, used for cost of service and price cap regulation. the test checks whether an investment or outlay is r... проверка обоснованности затрат; |
| used and useful | A test used by regulators to evaluate the justification for particular corporate investments, used for cost of service and price cap regulation. the test checks whether a plant or piece of equipme... используемый и полезный; |
| theory of contestable markets | A theory that holds that potential competition can have an impact on price similar to when there are a large number of firms in the market. even though one or a few suppliers are currently in the ... теория состязательных рынков; |
| ratioanalysis | A tool for analyzing the financial performance of a company by calculating ratios from their published accounts, including consideration of profitability and short- and long-term liquidity. анализ коэффициентов; |
| measured rate service | A type of basic phone service involving charges for each local call. повременная тарификация; |
| toll call | - A type of long-distance (rather than local) call for which a set fee is charged.
- Телефонный разговор с пригородом
междугородный телефонный звонок; |
| interruptible service | A type of service available to customers under schedules or contracts that anticipate and permit service interruption on short notice. this arrangement enables the electricity distribution company... прерываемая услуга; |
| cellular communication | A type of wireless telephone communication made possible by cellular towers that send and receive signals, switching them to and from the nearest central office. сотовая связь; |
| message unit | - A unit of measurement for telephone charges based on use.
- Расчетная единица при телефонных переговорах
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| administrative bodies | A unit with managerial or organizational responsibilities. a regulatory commission could be viewed as an administrative body with oversight responsibilities for infrastructure suppliers. административные органы; |
| distribution company | A utility company that is responsible for maintaining and operating a distribution system and providing other services to end-use customers. see distributing utility. |
| cost of capital estimation | A variety of methodologies are used to calculate the cost of equity capital and the other sources` of funds. see cost of capital. |
| disconnection notice | A warning that service is scheduled to be turned off. уведомление об отключении; |
| load following | A wheeling utility’s obligation to make up from its own generation sources any difference in the amount of power being wheeled and the requirements of the customer receiving or the supplier delive... регулирование нагрузки; |
| monopoly profits | Above-normal profits earned by monopoly providers, suppliers, or sellers. |
| conditionalaccess | Access restricted to paying customers by various systems and technology; e.g., use of scrambling to prevent unauthorized access to paid television |
| sales revenue maximization | Achieved when marginal revenue is zero, maximizing total sales revenue is often an alternative to profit maximization as a business objective. or, it may be a proxy for expanding market share. |
| bargaining | Activity that involves negotiating an agreement that is acceptable to parties to a contract or an accord. |
| invisible hand | Adam smith’s theory regarding how a free market (i.e., a perfectly competitive market) arrives at optimum outcomes and works for the greater benefit of society as individuals seek their own self-i... невидимая рука рынка; |
| cramming | Adding services and charges to a customer’s bill without the customer’s knowledge or consent. принудительное добавление в счет оплаты; |
| incentive efficiency | Adopting appropriate structure of rewards and penalties, based on available information. эффективность стимулирования; |
| generation dispatch and control | Aggregating and dispatching generation from various facilities, and providing backup and reliability services. ancillary services include the provision of reactive power, frequency control, and lo... |
| targeted marketing | Aiming solicitations at those who have previously expressed an interest in the product being sold or who meet certain criteria. целевой маркетинг; |
| executive compensation | - All forms of payment, including salaries, company shares and other indirect financial advantages, provided to ceos and other top management.
- Also called executive pay, compensation ...
компенсация руководителям; |
| inter-operability | Allows portions of a network to interface with other systems or networks. for example, the technical features of a group of interconnected telecom systems that allow provision of a given service i... функциональная совместимость; |
| light-handed regulation | Allows the firm discretion in how it meets regulatory targets. regulation that is not intrusive, in contrast to command and control or even cost of service regulation. this process is designed to ... |
| gearing ratio | - Also called financial leverage. calculated as long-term debt divided by equity plus long-term debt multiplied by 100, the gearing ratio reflects the percentage of capital available for an ente...
коэффициент использования заемных средств; |
| limited disconnection | Also called soft disconnection, limited disconnection allows people whose telephone service has been canceled to call emergency services and the phone company on their telephone. ограниченное отключение; |
| negative externalities | Also known as external costs, these are the adverse effects of commerce borne by those outside the activities of production and consumption and for which there is no recompense; e.g., the noise le... негативные экстерналии; |
| underlying rate of inflation | - Also known as rpix, this is an adjusted measure of inflation that attempts to remove distortions in the retail price index (rpi).
- Уровень инфляции без учета ставок по ипотечным кред...
базовый уровень инфляции; |
| x-inefficiency | Also labeled “organizational slack”, reflecting the use of inappropriate within an organization. failure to produce on the lowest possible average and marginal cost curves (resources are not being... x-неэффективность; |
| wage rate | Amount of pay in a given time period, (e.g. per hour) ставка заработной платы; |
| public compensation | An action by a supplier, such as siting a production plant or obtaining rights of way may require that negatively affected parties receive money to compensate them for adverse consequences. общественная компенсация; |
| rate surcharge | An additional charge on a customer’s bill used to adjust prices. sometimes, such temporary charges are imposed to cover costs associated with a particular event (for example, costs resulting from ... добавочная плата; |
| billing surcharge | An additional percentage mark-up on the total bill, reflecting authorized modification to the published tariff. such a surcharge may be used as a transparent subsidy for other groups of consumers ... доплата по счетам; |
| measurable economic welfare | An adjustment to gdp made by considering economic well-being. for example, adjustments are made for the value of leisure time and the value of household services (cleaning or child-care) that are ... измеримое экономическое благосостояние; |
| fuel cost adjustments | An adjustment to the customer`s bill when the actual cost of fuel at the supplier’s generating stations varies from a previously specified unit cost. such adjustments would be part of the rate set... |
| marketing economies of scale | An advantage of large firms, which have a lower unit cost for advertising and promotion than small firms. рыночная экономия от масштаба; |
| welfare loss triangle | An area on a graph showing the extent of allocative efficiency. треугольник потерь благосостояния; |
| contract path | An arrangement for power transfer between systems. when utility systems interchange power, the transfer is presumed to take place across the “contract path,” the most direct physical transmission ... |
| proportionate return | An arrangement that allows telecom operators a proportionate share of incoming and outgoing calling traffic. пропорциональная доля трафика; |
| tying contract | - An arrangement that makes the sale of a good by a producer conditional on the purchase of another good, viewed by some as facilitating the achievement of production and marketing economies. ot...
связанный контракт; |
| vickery auction | An auction in which competing buyers submit sealed bids. as usual, the highest bidder wins, but for a vickery auction, he or she pays the amount bid by the next highest bidder. named after a nobel... аукцион викери; |
| effective exchange rate | An average exchange rate for currencies of trading partners weighted to reflect the importance of each country based on value of traded goods. it is expressed as an index number. эффективный обменный курс; |
| laissez faire | An economic philosophy opposing governmental intervention beyond the minimum necessary for the maintenance of peace and property rights in the belief that markets are the best organizers of econom... принцип невмешательства; |
| law of diminishing marginal utility | An economic principle stating that the more a consumer has of a given commodity, the smaller the satisfaction from each additional unit consumed during a time period. закон убывающей предельной полезности; |
| hydroelectric generator | An electric generation system that is powered by falling water. a special type operates as a pumped storage facility; i.e., electricity is used to pump water uphill to a reservoir when power deman... |
| firm obligation | An electric utility’s commitment to supply energy or make capacity available during a specified time period. |
| service representative | An employee who helps people set up and change service with a company; e.g., the telephone company employee who interacts with customers regarding service options. представитель обслуживающей компании; |
| compliance cost assessment | An evaluation of costs associated with meeting regulatory rules and standards. |
| price deflator | An index that eliminates the effect of inflation. |
| concentration ratios | An indication of proportionate market share among firms in an industry, measured with revenues or outputs. a four-firm concentration ratio of 65% would indicate that the four largest firms had a t... коэффициент концентрации; |
| transit network | An intermediary network. in telecommunications, the network through which a call passes that is neither the originating nor the terminating network for the call. транзитная сеть; |
| ex parte communication | An off?the?record communication from one side or party only regarding a substantive issue in a government regulatory proceeding. the communication is directed to an official who will make a decisi... |
| discount plan | An optional plan that features a lower price for a particular service. designed to lower bills but also limiting usage. |
| not-for-profit | An organization whose primary function is not to earn a profit; e.g., a charity. некоммерческая организация; |
| agency structure | An organizational chart of the agency`s sections and lines of responsibility provides a view of the formal links within a commission. in addition, there are generally brief descriptions of roles o... структура агентства; |
| incentive effect | An outcome based on policy design that emphasizes rewards and penalties; e.g., obtaining greater effort by offering bonuses for reaching set goals. стимулирующий эффект; |
