Туннели представляют собой достаточно сложные конструкции, вмещающие два и более параллельных проезда для встречного движения, служебную технику и запасные выходы. Туннель — это длинный, полностью закрытый со всех сторон искусственный горизонтальный проход, построенный под землей с отверстиями на каждом конце.
| localised repair | Repair work on a pipe, particularly sewerage, for lengths less than the run between two adjacent access points. |
| pipe splitting | Replacement method for breaking an existing pipe by longitudinal splitting. at the same time a new pipe of the same or larger diameter is pulled in behind the splitting tool. |
| pipe bursting | Replacement method in which an existing pipe is broken by brittle fracture, using mechanically applied force from within. the pipe fragments are forced into the surrounding ground. at the same tim... |
| pipe eating | Replacement method, usually based on microtunnelling, in which a defective pipe is excavated together with the surrounding ground and a new pipe installed. the microtunnelling shield machine will ... |
| launch pit | Slimliar to drive shaft but more usually associated with launching an impact moling or similar tool. |
| cement mortar liners | Spray-on coating used primarily for corrosion protection of small diameter metal pipelines. cement mortar and concrete linings can also provide structural and leak protection benefits in larger ma... |
| conductor casing | Steel casing hammered or pushed into place where soil strata are high in gravel and cobble content or where formation strength is low and the bore would be unstable. |
| guide rails | Steel or timber rails set firmly in the thrust pit to give directional control of the pipes to be jacked and for accurate location of the pipe joints. |
| pull-back force | Tensile load applied to a drill string during pull-back. guided boring and directional drilling rigs are generally rated by their maximum pull-back force. |
| butt-end | Term used for square end jacking pipes. |
| preconditioning work | That part of a project, usually before renovation work on a pipeline, that includes preparatory cleaning and internal inspection. |
| angular deflection | The angle between two consecutive pipes |
| allowable bend radius | The degree of deflection that the drill pipe and product can safely tolerate without risk of damage to the pipe or product. |
| leading interjack pipe | The pipe immediately ahead of, or attached to, the interjack shield. |
| trailing interjack pipe | The recessed pipe immediately behind the interjack station which slides into the rear of the shield. |
| drill string/stem | The total length of drill rods/pipe, bit, swivel joint etc. in a bore. |
| infiltration/inflow (i/i) | The total quantity of water from both infiltration and inflow without distinguishing the source. |
| cutting/cutter head | Tool or system of tools on a common support which excavates at the face of a bore. |
| drill bits | Tools that excavate soil or rock and faciliate steering at the face of the bore. common types of drill bits used in hdd include slant-face bits, slanted-face rock bits, rotary rock bits, and percu... |
| earth pressure balance machine (epbm) | Type of microtunnelling machine in which mechanical pressure is applied to the material at the face and controlled to provide the correct counter-balance to earth pressure to prevent heave or subs... |
| closed circuit television (cctv) | Video cameras mounted on small tractor devices or sleds and driven or pulled through a pipeline commonly used to inspect repairs and to assess the condition of the pipe. |
| thrust pit | Working shaft at the beginning of the jacked section of pipeline in which the specialist equipment is installed, and from which jacking operations are carried out. |
| immersed caisson | A pressurized, bell-shaped structure which allows construction fully under the water. |
| full face boring machine | A tunneling machine which has cutting teeth at its front. it creates the tunnel opening while passing the waste material through the rear. many types of tunnel boring cut small sections which are ... |
| micro tunneling | Construction method for tunnels which are too small for humans to dig inside. may be performed using tethered, remote-controlled drilling machines or pipe jacking. |
| drill and blast | Construction method in which pilot holes are drilled for explosive charges. the resulting debris is carried out and the process is repeated. |
| pipe roof method | Construction method in which steel pipes are laid along the sides and roof of the tunnel course and the tunnel was then constructed inside. |
| immersed tube | Construction method using pre-fabricated tunnel sections. while the ends are sealed, it is lowered into position under the water and attached to other sections. |
| sunken tube | Construction method using pre-fabricated tunnel sections. while the ends are sealed, it is lowered into position under the water and attached to other sections. also immersed tube. |
| cut and cover | Construction method which involves excavating a large trench, building a roof structure, then covering it with earth. commonly used for subways and relatively flat locations. |
| embedded wall | Retaining wall constructed using sections placed side-by-side or interlocking to form a continuous structure. includes sheet pile, soldier pile, bored pile and diaphragm wall. |
| reinforced soil wall | Retaining wall using various methods of attaching strips, mesh or other reinforcements to an excavated face. soil nails may be driven in to attach the reinforcements and added further stability. |
| rock bolts | Steel bar with larger plates at its head. these are driven into the interior surface of the tunnel to stabilize and add strength to the rock. see soil nails. |
| soldier pile | Steel h-shape beam driven vertically into the ground to provide supports for lagging. |
| soil nail | Steel rod driven into the ground to stabilize soil. used as part of a retaining wall and may be attached to reinforcing strips, mesh or other buried anchors (deadman). also call a tieback. |
| bouche de soufflage | Ouverture ou évent à travers laquelle (lequel) l`air frais est injecté dans un tunnel et/ou dans les chemins d`évacuation. air inlet; entrada de aire; |
| processus de vieillissement | Troisième ou dernière partie de la courbe en baignoire, qui identifie la probabilité croissante d`une panne de système, d`équipment ou de composant lorsque celui-ci s`appr... ageing process; proceso de envejecimiento; |
| bouche d`aspiration | Ouverture ou évent qui permet à l`air vicié, à la fumée et aux gaz d`être extraits d`un tunnel et/ou de chemins d`évacuation. air outlet; boquilla de aspiración; |
| note: it can be human (a user with an emergency call telephone) or depend on an initiating device or system (co level alarm, automatic incident detection alarm )." | Alarme "action de transmettre la survenance d’un événement à un récepteur (opérateur de tunnel).; |
| "action de transmettre la survenance d’un événement à un récepteur (opérateur de tunnel). |
note: it can be human (a user with an emergency call telephone) or depend on an initiating device or system (co level alarm, automatic incident detection alarm …)."; |
| remarque: elle peut être humaine (usager avec un téléphone d’appel d’urgence) ou dépendre d’un équipement ou système (alarme co, alarme de détection automatique d’incident )." |
|
| note: the tunnel operator alerts the external emergency services and also, if any, the internal ones (particularly for long and heavily trafficked tunnels)." | Alerte "action d’informer de l’urgente nécessité d’agir.; |
| "action d’informer de l’urgente nécessité d’agir. |
note: the tunnel operator alerts the external emergency services and also, if any, the internal ones (particularly for long and heavily trafficked tunnels)."; |
| remarque: l’opérateur du tunnel alerte les services de secours externes et, s’il en existe, le service d’intervention interne (surtout pour les longs tunnels à fort trafic)." |
|
| annual average daily traffic (abbr. aadt) | Total volume passing a point or segment of a road (in both traffic directions where applicable) for one year divided by the number of days in the year, expressed in terms of vehicles per day. trafic moyen journalier annuel (abbr.tmja); 年平均日交通量（简称:aadt）; průměrná denní intenzita dopravy; Årsdøgnstrafik (forkortet Ådt); "jaarlijks gemiddeld dagelijks verkeer; vuoden keskimääräinen vuorikausiliikenne (kvl); jährlicher durchschnittlicher täglicher verkehr (jdtv); Ετήσια Μέση Ημερήσια Κυκλοφορία (συντ. ΕΜΗΚ); traffico giornaliero ricavato da media annuale (aadt); 年間平均日交通量; 연평균 일교통량(aadt); "tráfego diário médio anual; letni povprečni dnevni promet (lpdp); årsdygnmedeltrafik, Ådt; lưu lượng giao thông hàng ngày tính trung bình trong một năm (aadt); |
| trafic moyen journalier annuel (abbr.tmja) | Volume total du trafic (dans les deux sens le cas échéant) circulant à un point précis ou sur un tronçon de route au cours d`une année, divisé par le nombre de j... annual average daily traffic (abbr. aadt); tráfico medio diario anual (tmda); |
| annual average weekday traffic (abbr. aawt) | "annual average daily traffic restricted to lorries and that only includes normal workday data. trafic moyen annuel de jour ouvrable (abbr.tmajo); 年平均工作日的交通量（简称：aawt）; průměrná intenzita dopravy v pracovní den; Årsdøgnstrafik målt på hverdage (forkortet Ådth); jaarlijks gemiddeld werkdagverkeer; vuoden keskimääräinen arkivuorikausiliikenne (kavl); jährlicher durchschnittlicher werktags verkehr (jdwv); Ετήσια Μέση Εργάσιμων Ημερών Κυκλοφορία; traffico feriale ricavato da media annuale (aawt); 年間平均週交通量; 연평균 주중교통량(aawt); tráfego diário médio anual em dias úteis; letni povprečni promet v tednu (lppt); årsvardagsdygnmedeltrafik av lastbilar, Ådt vardag lastbil; lưu lượng giao thông ngày thường trong tuần tính trung bình trong một năm (aawt); |
| note: public holidays are consequently excluded, as are weekends where lorry traffic is not authorized." | Trafic moyen annuel de jour ouvrable (abbr.tmajo) "trafic moyen journalier annuel des poids lourds qui prend en compte uniquement les données des jours ouvrables.; |
| "trafic moyen journalier annuel des poids lourds qui prend en compte uniquement les données des jours ouvrables. |
note: public holidays are consequently excluded, as are weekends where lorry traffic is not authorized."; |
| nota: les jours fériés sont exclus ainsi que les weekends où la circulation des poids lourds n`est pas autorisée." |
|
| note: this thin water film also cools the surface of fuels." | Agent formant un film aqueux "mousse formant un film aqueux à la surface de liquides en feu, de manière à ce que les matières volatiles inflammables ne puissent s’échapper et brûler.; |
| "mousse formant un film aqueux à la surface de liquides en feu, de manière à ce que les matières volatiles inflammables ne puissent s’échapper et brûler. |
note: this thin water film also cools the surface of fuels."; |
| remarque: ce film aqueux fin refroidit également la surface des combustibles." |
|
| notes: 1. this ability depends on the combined aspects of the reliability, the maintenability and the maintenance supportability. |
|
| 2. required external resources, other than maintenance resources, do not affect the availability of the item." | Disponibilité "aptitude d`un bien à être en état d`accomplir une fonction requise dans des conditions données, à un instant donné ou durant un intervalle de temps donné, en supposant que la fourniture des moyens extérieurs né; |
| "aptitude d`un bien à être en état d`accomplir une fonction requise dans des conditions données, à un instant donné ou durant un intervalle de temps donné, en supposant que la fourniture des moyens extérieurs né |
2. required external resources, other than maintenance resources, do not affect the availability of the item."; |
| notes: 1. cette aptitude dépend de la combinaison de la fiabilité, de la maintenabilité et de la supportabilité de maintenance. |
|
| 2. les moyens extérieurs nécessaires autres que la logistique de maintenance n`affectent pas la disponibilité du bien." |
|
| backlayering | The movement of smoke and hot gases opposite to the imposed direction of airflow. retour de fumée stratifiée; تدفق الدخان المعاكس; 回流; zpětný tah; "backlayering; rookterugslag; takaisinvirtaus (syn. takaisinvirtaaminen); rückströmung; αντιστρωμάτωση; backlayering; 遡上; "백레이어링; retorno de fumo estratificado; povratni tok; bakåtströmmande heta gaser och rökgaser ("back-layering"); sự bay ngược của khói; |
| retour de fumée stratifiée | Ecoulement de fumées et de gaz chauds dans le sens opposé à la direction imposée au courant d`air. backlayering; estratificación inversa; |
| bifurcation | Séparation d`un courant de circulation unidirectionnel unique en deux ou plusieurs courants séparés. bifurcation; bifurcación; |
| black hole effect | Effect due to the bright environment that makes the comparatively darker tunnel entrance appear as a black hole. effet de trou noir; تأثير الثقب الأسود; 黑洞效应; efekt černé díry; sort hul effekt; zwart-gateffect; musta aukko -ilmiö; tunneleffekt; αποτέλεσμα μαύρης τρύπας; effetto buco nero; ブラックホール効果; 블랙홀효과; efeito de buraco negro; učinek temnega prostora; mörka hålet-effekt; hiệu ứng lỗ đen; |
| effet de trou noir | Contraste d`éclairement avec l`environnement extérieur qui fait apparaître la section d`entrée en tunnel comme un trou noir. black hole effect; "efecto de; |
| boiling liquid expanding vapour explosion (syn. bleve) | "explosive release of expanding vapour and boiling liquid following the catastrophic failure, due to an external fire, of a pressure vessel holding a pressurized liquefied gas such as liquefied pe... bleve; 沸腾液体膨胀蒸汽爆炸（词：bleve）; vařící kapalina, která dále expanduje jako vodní pára (syn. bleve); kogende væske forårsagende forøget damptryks eksplosion (synonym med bleve); bleve; höyryräjähdys (syn. kiehuvan nesteen vapauttaman höyryn räjähdys), (lyhennys bleve); explosion einer verdampfenden und sich ausbreitenden flüssigkeit (bleve); Έκρηξη Αναβράζοντος Υγρού Διαστελλόομενου Αερί; bleve; 沸騰液体蒸気膨張爆発; 비등액체팽창증기폭발(bleve); "bleve; eksplozija zaradi izhlapevanja goriva (bleve); bleve/ångexplosion (=antändning av momentant förångat bränsle); sự nổ do giãn nở hơi của chất lỏng sôi; |
| note: the event may result in fireballs, blast, projectiles and possible toxic vapour cloud." | Bleve "emission à caractère explosif de liquide en ébullition et de vapeur en expansion à la suite de la rupture catastrophique d`un réservoir contenant un gaz liquéfié sous pression, comme le gaz de pétrole liquéfi&; |
| "emission à caractère explosif de liquide en ébullition et de vapeur en expansion à la suite de la rupture catastrophique d`un réservoir contenant un gaz liquéfié sous pression, comme le gaz de pétrole liquéfi& |
note: the event may result in fireballs, blast, projectiles and possible toxic vapour cloud."; |
| remarque: l`incident peut conduire à des boules de feu, à une explosion, à des projectiles et éventuellement à un nuage de vapeur(s) toxique(s)." |
|
| "booster fan |
|
| (syn. jet fan)" | Fan, generally installed under a tunnel ceiling, which transmits momentum to the air. accélérateur; "مروحة تقوية; "增压鼓风机; pomocný ventilátor; ventilator; "aanjager; impulssipuhallin; strahlventilator; ανεμιστήρας ώσης; "acceleratore; ブースターファン(ジェットファンと同義); 부스터팬,제트팬; ventilador de impulso; aksialni/vzdolžni ventilator; impulsfläkt; quạt phản lực; |
| accélérateur | Ventilateur, généralement installé sous le plafond d`un tunnel, qui transmet une quantité de mouvement à l`air. (syn. jet fan)"; acelerador; |
| carbon monoxide meter | Device that measures the concentration of co in the air. analyseur de monoxyde de carbone; مقياس أوكسيد الكربون; 一氧化碳测量仪; měřič kysličníku uhelnatého; co-måler; "koolmonoxidemeter; häkämittari; kohlenmonoxid-messgerät; μετρητής μονοξειδίου του άνθρακα; analizzatore di monossido di carbonio; co計; 일산화탄소(co)측정계; analisador de monóxido de carbono; merilnik ogljikovega monoksida; kolmonoxidmätare; dụng cụ đo co; |
| analyseur de monoxyde de carbone | Instrument mesurant la concentration en co dans l`air ambiant. carbon monoxide meter; "analizador de monóxido; |
| chain of response | See “search and rescue system”. chaîne des secours; سلسلة الاستجابة لحالات الطوارئ; 应急反应链; indsatskæde; "interventieketen; pelastustoimintaketju; einsatzsystem; αλυσίδα επέμβασης (συν.αλυσίδα απόκρισης); catena di risposta; 連鎖対応; 연속적 응답; cadeia de resposta; veriga odziva; insatsorganisation; các bước cứu nạn; |
| chaîne des secours | Voir "organisation de recherche et de secours". chain of response; cadena de salvamento; |
| compressed air foam system (abbr. cafs) | Pressurized water system that allows the addition of compressed air to produce a stream of foam during pumping operations. système de mousse à air comprimé; 压缩空气泡沫系统(缩写：cafs); systém stlačené pěny (viz cafs); trykluft system med skum; "drukluchtschuimsysteem; paineilmavaahtojärjestelmä; druckluftschaum-system; Σύστημα Υπό Πίεση Αερίου Αφρού; sistema a schiuma ad aria compressa (cafs); 加圧空気泡システム; "압축공기포; sistema de espuma a ar comprimido; penilni sistem pod pritiskom (cafs); tryckluftskumsystem/cafs; hệ thống bọt khí nén; |
| système de mousse à air comprimé | Système d`eau pressurisé qui permet l`ajout d`air comprimé afin de produire un jet de mousse pendant les opérations de pompage. compressed air foam system (abbr. cafs); sistema de espuma de aire; |
| dynamique des fluides numérique | Utilisation de méthodes numériques et d`algorithmes afin de résoudre et d`analyser des problématiques d`écoulement de fluides tri-dimensionnels. computational fluid dynamics; dinámica computacional de fluidos; |
